A. Important Individuals, 1400-1600

In Religion	In Government	In Science
Luther	Henry VIII	Copernicus
John Wycliffe	Charles V	Galileo
Zwingli	Pope Leo X	Vesalius
Clement V	King Philip IV	Isaac Newton
Pope Paul III		Francis Bacon
		Johannes Kepler

B.

1. The Unam sanctum eventually led to a lessening of the authority of the catholic church. It led to a battel between pope and king, which dissapointed folowers.
2. Many catholics were confused by the french cardinals election of clement VII to office of pope. this was part of the power struggle between france and england, and the catholics were confused because of the election of two popes.
3. Some clergy engaged in corrupt practices, which further weakened the authority of the church.the catholic population lost faith in the church when it began to sell indulgences and engaged in corruptions in the name of god.
4. Copernicus and newton reached conclusions that changed previous ideas iof how the universe worked. The church did not like these ideas and tried to discourage them, but the ideas had been firmly planted into society.
5. The coucil of trent was an impotant part of the catholic church’s attempt to reform itself. The council discussed how they should rid themselves of such things as selling indulgences and the other bad things they were doing to get money.
6. Scientists of the 1500s and 1600s and religious reformers questioned accpeted theories and beliefs. This shows that soiety was maturing and people were beginning to have their own opinions on things instead of accepting what the church told them like before.
7. In addition to Martin Luther, there were other individuals and groups whop broke away from the catholic church. Many reform groups decided what the church wasn doing was wrong, and people like the jesuits took a defferent view on religion.

1. Whne pope boniface VIII issued the unam sanctum because king philip IV told the clergy to pay taxes, philip ordered the pope arrested. It injured the church’s pride and it lost much respect. If philip hadn’t done so, the church could still be a controlling force in today’s society.
2. "the pen" refers to the written word, and pnce the word is sprad in writing and by mouth, even if the "sword" strikes down on the original thinker, it is of little use. People can just say it and get it out there, the pen has most always been stronger than the sword.
3. I think it would be met with some opposition, but nothing as extreme as death or exile.
4. If the people had had the freedom of religion and speech, things would be much different. Luther would have been able o keep spreading his reform movement without opposition, and many of the people that had great scientific achievements would have been welcomed versus being shunned.