(a) Church was organized in hierarchy so each member of clergy had a specific rank. Parishes (local churches) formed one diocese, headed by a bishop

(b) Dioceses were united into provinces, or archidoiceses, headed by archbishops

(c) Monks lived in monasteries headed by abbots. Abbots usually answered to bishops

(d) Women were not allowed to head church so many became nuns. Nuns could never marry and had to devote themselves to lives of poverty and charitable work

(a) By 1050, the church was the largest land-holder in Europe

(b) The clergy were often the only members of society who could read and write, and often got to advise illiterate kings

(c) Abbot Suger was chosen to be educated in a monastery, where his closest friend was crowned King Louis VI of France in 1108

(d) Suger became a monk and then an abbot. As Louis’ friend and adviser he worked to increase cooperation between Louis and his nobles by stressing the fact of their common religion. Suger prevented a war by loaning Louis a banner to rally French nobles

(e) From 1147 to 1149, the son of Louis VI left his crown with Suger and appointed him regent to rule his lands while he was away at war. During these years, Suger developed fairer ways of taxation and prevented rebellion from talking away Louis’ rule

(a) King Henry IV of Germany and Italy took offense to Gregory’s document and demanded the pope step down from office

(b) In 1076, Gregory announced the excommunication of Henry, expelling him from the church and saying that Henry’s subjects no longer had to obey him as their king

(c) Because Gregory had threatened anyone who supported king with excommunication, no one supported Henry. Henry gave in to the pope to save his throne

(a) Church was the center of daily life everywhere. Church bells announced time for work, meals, rest, and for mass. Churches served as gathering places for town meetings and places of refuge during wars or storms

(b) Church holidays provided a day free of labor for peasants

(c) Shared faith gave church members sense of community. Christians did not accept Jews socially and often persecuted them. Jews were often required to pay a tax whenever the king demanded

(a) During the 1200s new religious communities (or orders) were formed. They lived in the towns and worked to bring Christianity directly to the people

(b) One new order was founded by Francis of Assisi who’d had a vision of Jesus during his year of battling a serious illness

(c) Francis rejected a large inheritance to instead live in poverty like Jesus. He served the poor and created a new religious order called the Franciscans

(d) Francis was a talented poet and musician

(a) As European towns grew, people wanted to get better educated, which was partly sparked by the Muslim’s knowledge and learning

(b) Universities began to form. Women were not allowed to be a part of this.

(a) Artists often portrayed the life of Jesus in their paintings and sculptures. They stylized their paintings to express their own spiritual beliefs

(b) Designing of Gothic cathedrals was the greatest artistic achievement of the age

(c) Innovations introduced by architects of Gothic cathedrals included ribbed arches and flying buttresses

(d) Gothic cathedrals included beautiful sculptures of Jesus and the saints and stained glass windows.

(e) For believers, the cathedral was the closest thing to experiencing heaven on earth

(a) Since Jesus’ disciple Peter in A.D. 64, city of Rome had been center of Christian faith; Pope considered successor to Peter

(b) Emperor Theodosius I made Christianity official religion of Roman Empire

(c) Barbarian invaders captured most of Western Roman Empire’s land

(a) Emperor of Byzantine Empire ruled with the help of a complex system of advisers and officials

(b) Constantinople became a center of world trade

(c) Empire generated fortunes from trade

(d) Byzantines sold many of their own products, such as foods, glassware, ivory, enamel, and silk

(e) By 1000, 1 million people populated Constantinople

(a) Most Byzantines worked as farmers, craftspersons, and traders. Most Byzantines were poor

(b) Only wealthy Byzantine women were allowed to have a education, and even that was at home

(c) As a result of the many schools and libraries, there was a higher rate of literacy than in western Europe

(a) Eastern and western churches were both Christian, but Byzantines tolerated much more discussion and debate over religious matters, and services were conducted in Greek. In the west, services were in Latin which was only known to the priests and well-educated

(b) Byzantine churches were plainer on the outside but had rich interiors.

(a) Between 700 and 1050, the pope still claimed authority over entire Christian church; serious other opinions were developing

(b) Byzantines used icons in many ways, such as praying or lighting candles before them or carrying them in religious processions; some Byzantines thought this was too far and that people worshipped the icons themselves as gods, whereas others thought the icons helped them worship God better

(c) In 726, Byzantine Emperor Leo III ordered icons destroyed, but many people refused. Pope Gregory III in Rome condemned the emperor’s actions

(d) Gregory made allies with Franks, and crowned leader of the Franks, Charlemagne, emperor, which outraged the Byzantines

(a) After empire was extended to its greatest, a period of decline began because of the numerous conquests made by enemies

(b) During 800s and 900s, empire prospered; trade increased and many lost territories were regained

(a) In 1071, Seljuk Turks defeated Byzantines

(b) Seljuks continued capturing Byzantine lands and by 1081 had established new capital in Nicaea, 200 miles SW of Constantinople. Now Byzantines had to re-communicate with the pope and get military assistance

(a) Winning Holy Land from infidels (non-Christians) was most obvious motive for war, and also to reunite Western and Easter Christians under one rule, so becoming allies with Byzantines could help. Pope Urban said that if European knights put their energy into Christian service, they would be granted the land they conquered

(b) About 45,000 crusaders left western Europe to fight First Crusade, 4,000 of which were knights

(c) Peasants might have gone on the crusade because the church promised immediate salvation in heaven to anyone killed while helping to recover Holy Land

(d) Peasants also would be free of bonds to his feudal lord while crusading

(a) Crusaders made their way by foot and horseback to Constantinople

(b) Crusaders then marched to Nicaea

(a) Crusader states were small outposts that were run like feudal kingdoms in Europe

(b) In July 1099 the crusade reached Jerusalem, slaughtered Muslims and Jews living there, and made the city the capital of another crusader state

(c) Crusaders controlled a strip of land about 500 miles by 50 miles, which left them vulnerable to Muslim attacks. Huge castles were built on eastern border for knights to live in

(d) Christians had regained Holy Land

(a) In late 1100s, Saladin was leader of Muslim force

(b) Saladin had served in army of Syria and had been given job of running government by caliph

(c) Saladin united many small Muslim groups surrounding crusader states and became supreme leader of both Egypt and Syria in 1171

(a) Saladin led Muslims in a siege of Tiberias (capital city of one crusader sate); Knights of Kingdom of Jerusalem headed north to free Tiberias form Saladin

(b) Crusader army of 20,000 was exhausted from marching all day, so they camped in a valley 6 miles from Tiberias. They were surrounded by Muslims in the night

(c) Muslims set fire to grass surrounding valley and charged behind flames, boxing in crusaders

(d) Once fire died down, few crusaders escaped death or captivity, most foot soldiers were sold into slavery. Saladin guaranteed safety of fleeing pilgrims and released husbands from captivity and gave gifts to widows and orphans

(e) Saladin defeated crusaders, retook Jerusalem, and almost all of Palestine

(a) Supposedly, pope died of grief when he learned of the loss of Jerusalem. His successor, Pope Gregory VIII called for a Third Crusade (Crusade of Kings). Emperor Frederick of Germany, King Richard of England, and King Philip II of France responded and armies began preparation for battle

(b) When Frederick drowned while swimming across a ricer in Turkey, most of his army returned to Europe

(c) Richard was courageous in battle but had an unstable character; Philip wasn’t a warrior but was good at planning sieges

(d) In 1191, Philip and Richard won a siege of Acre (a key coastal city). Philip returned to France; meanwhile, Richard became impatient and ordered all Muslims within city walls to be executed

(a) Pope Innocent III called the Fourth Crusade in 1198, and chose to head east by the Mediterranean Sea as opposed to land

(b) In Constantinople, people rebelled against this imposed leader and crusaders pillaged the city

(c) Crusaders pillaged

(d) Enthusiasm that had come with First Crusade was replaced by a hunger for wealth